All processes that take topographic point insideA EarthA ( and otherA planets ) are considered endogenous. They make theA continentsA migrate, push theA mountainsA up, and triggerA earthquakesA andA volcanism. Endogenous procedures are driven by the heat that is produced in the nucleus of Earth byA radioactivityA andA gravitation.
The geographics and motion of tectonic home bases is a cardinal influence on planetary clime as it determines the signifier of the ocean basins, Patterns of heat ransfer in the oceans, big graduated table atmospheric circulation and the geometry of mountain ironss. The motion and geometry of the lithospheric home bases is a cardinal long term influence on planetary clime and hea transportation and plae motions can be both perpendicular e.g the formation of the Himalayas and the Tibetan tableland or horizontal e.g sea floor spreading or the shutting of the Panama sea lane and the development of the north Atlantic gulf watercourse.
Internal energy thrusts endogenous procedures such as home base tectonics, volcanic activity, seismicity.
The geographics of the tectonic home bases is a cardinal influence on a planetary clime, this influences: the signifier and size of the ocean basins and land multitudes, forms of heat transportation in the oceans – thermohaline circulation, big graduated table atmospheric circulation and perpendicular heat exchange, the location and lift of mountain ironss and tableland, the sum of elevated crust.
The formation of the Himalayas and the Tibetan tableland that began 52 to 44ma cardinal events that led to a measure alteration in the clime system and long term planetary chilling.
Horizontal crustal motion – the shutting of the Panama sea lane around 4 mom and the development of the north Atlantic gulf watercourse taking warm H2O to higher latitudes – a cardinal factor in the formation of ice sheets in the northern hemisphere.
The shutting of the Panama sea lane around 4ma and the development of the north Atlantic gulf watercourse taking warm H2O to higher latitudes.
The motion and geometry of the lithospheric home bases is a cardinal longterm influence on planetary clime and heat transportation, perpendicular crustal motions are most rapid at home base boundaries and we will be researching their possible impact on enduring rates and C rhythm.
Location and lift of mountain ironss and high tableland landscapes across the earths surface is a cardinal influence on clime over a scope of timescales.
The essay is about the last 65 million old ages, so the Big Bang theory
is non truly relevant. You need a nice scope of illustrations to demo how
endogenous procedures can act upon planetary clime ( long and short
term ) . We covered some in the talks ( i.e. perpendicular and horizonatal
crustal motions ) . We did non truly look at volcanic procedures, but you need to advert them excessively ( short and longterm impacts ) we mentioned other controls excessively ( non related to endogenous procedures ) so you can advert them briefly to round things off.
When Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines June 15, 1991, an estimated 20 million dozenss of S dioxide and ash atoms blasted more than 12 stat mis ( 20 kilometer ) high into the ambiance. The eruption caused widespread devastation and loss of human life. Gass and solids injected into the stratosphere circled the Earth for three hebdomads. Volcanic eruptions of this magnitude can impact planetary clime, cut downing the sum of solar radiation making the Earth ‘s surface, take downing temperatures in the troposphere, and altering atmospheric circulation forms. The extent to which this occurs is an on-going debate.A Large-scale volcanic activity may last merely a few yearss, but the monolithic spring of gases and ash can act upon clime forms for old ages. Sulphuric gases convert to sulfate aerosols, sub-micron droplets incorporating about 75 per centum sulphuric acid. Following eruptions, these aerosol atoms can linger every bit long as three to four old ages in the stratosphere.
Major eruptions alter the Earth ‘s radiative balance because volcanic aerosol clouds absorb tellurian radiation, and disperse a important sum of the incoming solar radiation, an consequence known as “ radiative forcing ” that can last from two to three old ages following a volcanic eruption.
“ Volcanic eruptions cause short-run clime alterations and contribute to natural clime variableness, ” says Georgiy Stenchikov, a research professor with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University. “ Exploring effects of volcanic eruption allows us to better understand of import physical mechanisms in the clime system that are initiated by volcanic forcing. ”
Stenchikov and Professor Alan Robock of Rutgers University with Hans Graf and Ingo Kirchner of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology performed a series of climate simulations that combined volcanic aerosol observations from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II ( SAGE II ) available from the Langley DAAC, with Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite ( UARS ) information from the Goddard Space Flight Center DAAC. The research squad ran a general circulation theoretical account developed at the Max Planck Institute with and without Pinatubo aerosols for the two old ages following the Pinatubo eruption. To analyze the sensitiveness of clime response to sea surface temperature, utilizing informations from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory DAAC, they conducted computations with climatologically average sea surface temperature, every bit good as with those observed during peculiar El Nino and La Nina periods.
By comparing the clime simulations from the Pinatubo eruption, with and without aerosols, the research workers found that the clime theoretical account calculated a general chilling of the planetary troposphere, but yielded a clear winter warming form of surface air temperature over Northern Hemisphere continents. The temperature of the tropical lower stratosphere increased by 4 Kelvin ( 4A°C ) because of aerosol soaking up of tellurian longwave and solar near-infrared radiation. The theoretical account demonstrated that the direct radiative consequence of volcanic aerosols causes general stratospheric warming and tropospheric chilling, with a tropospheric heating form in the winter.
“ The sculptural temperature alteration is consistent with the temperature anomalies observed after the eruption, ” Stenchikov says. “ The form of winter warming following the volcanic eruption is practically indistinguishable to a form of winter surface temperature alteration caused by planetary heating. It shows that volcanic aerosols force cardinal clime mechanisms that play an of import function in the planetary alteration procedure. ” This temperature form is consistent with the being of a strong stage of the Arctic Oscillation, a natural form of circulation in which atmospheric force per unit area at polar and in-between latitudes fluctuates, conveying higher-than-normal force per unit area over the polar part and lower-than-normal force per unit area at about 45 grades north latitude. It is forced by the aerosol radiative consequence, and circulation in winter is stronger than the aerosol radiative chilling that dominates in summer.
Man-made, or “ anthropogenetic ” emanations can do the effects of volcanic eruptions on the planetary clime system more terrible, Stenchikov says. For case, CFCs ( CFCs ) in the atmosphere start a concatenation of chemical reactions on aerosol surfaces that destroy ozone molecules in the mid-latitude stratosphere, escalating observed stratospheric ozone depletion.
“ While we have no observations, the 1963 Agung eruption on the island of Bali likely did non consume ozone as there was small atmospheric Cl in the stratosphere. In 1991 after the Pinatubo eruption, when the sum of Chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere increased, the ozone content in the mid-latitudes decreased by 5 per centum to 8 per centum, impacting extremely populated parts, ” says Stenchikov.
NASA and the National Science Foundation have funded Robock and Stenchikov to analyze the Pinatubo eruption in more item, and to carry on another theoretical account comparing with the volcanic aerosol informations set. They plan to unite SAGE II information with available lidar and orbiter informations from assorted DAACs to better their bing informations set.
By understanding the impact of big volcanic eruptions on Earth ‘s clime system in more item, possibly scientists will be in a better place to propose steps to decrease their effects on people and natural resources.
Both technological alteration and economic growing are seen as major determiners of future planetary energy demand degrees, the associated C dioxide ( CO2 ) emanations, and planetary clime impacts Until late, nevertheless, the modeling of energy-economy-climate interactions has mostly regarded technological advancement as an exogenic procedure, instead than every bit endogenous technological alteration.
Energy Economicss
Volume 24, Issue 1, January 2002, Pages 1-19
a fleeting glimpse at a map of the universe today to gain that the temperament of the continents has a pronounced consequence on both local and planetary clime. Not the least of these effects consequences from the difference in the thermic belongingss of land versus ocean – a Continental part will be colder in winter and heater in summer than an pelagic part at any given latitude. Furthermore mountain belts formed as a effect of home base tectonic activity dramatically modify rainfall through the effects ofA orographyA – the development of a rain shadow on the leeward side of mountain belts.
Global clime is besides strongly controlled by ocean currents. For illustration, northwesterly Europe is significantly warmer than other parts at similar latitudes because of the warming effects of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift. The reversal of pelagic currents in the equatorial Pacific – a phenomenon known as El Nino – has a far-reaching consequence on clime around the Pacific. Ocean currents depend on the geometry of the oceans and this is controlled by home base tectonics. Hence, over geological timescales the motion of home bases and continents has a profound consequence on the distribution of land multitudes, mountain scopes and the connectivity of the oceans. As a effect, home base tectonics has a really direct and cardinal influence on planetary clime.
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The clime of modern Antarctica is utmost. Located over the South Pole and in entire darkness for six months of the twelvemonth, the continent is covered by glacial ice to depths in surplus of 3 kilometers in topographic points. Yet this has non ever been the instance. 50 Ma ago, even though Antarctica was in more or less the same place over the pole, the clime was much more temperate – there were no glaciers and the continent was covered with exuberant flora and woods. So how did this extreme alteration come about?
The modern clime of Antarctica depends upon its complete isolation from the remainder of the planet as a effect of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that wholly encircles Antarctica and gives rise to the stormy part of the Southern Ocean known as the boom mid-fortiess. The oncoming of this current is related to the gap of sea lanes between blockading continents. Antarctica and South America were one time joined together as portion of Gondwana and were the last parts of this original supercontinent to divide. By retracing Continental places from magnetic and other characteristics of the sea floor in this part, geologists have shown that the Drake Passage opened in three stages between 50 Ma and 20 Ma, as illustrated in Figure 32. At 50 Ma there was perchance a shallow sea lane between Antarctica and South America, but both continents were traveling together. At 34 Ma the sea lane was still narrow, but differential motion between the Antarctic and South American Plates created a deeper channel between the two continents that began to let deep ocean H2O to go around around the continent. Finally, at 20 Ma there was a major displacement in local home base boundaries that allowed the rapid development of a deep-water channel between the two Continental multitudes.
The happenstance of the alteration in gesture of the Pacific Plate with alterations in home base gestures between S. America and Antarctica shows how the gestures of all the home bases are interconnected – a alteration in the true gesture of one home base leads to alterations in the true gestures of many others.
While these plate gestures were taking topographic point the consequence on Antarctica was profound. By 34 Ma the clime cooled from the temperate conditions that antecedently existed. This was sufficient for glaciers to get down their progress, and was followed by a period of continued chilling until at about 20 Ma, glaciation was complete. Even though the Drake Passage foremost opened at 50 Ma it was non until it opened to deep H2O at 34 Ma that glaciation truly took clasp
Today, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the strongest deep ocean current and its strength is responsible for the ‘icehouse ‘ clime that grips the planet. The gap of the Drake Passage had both a local and a planetary consequence, ab initio chilling the clime of Antarctica from temperate to cold and finally playing an of import function in the alteration from planetary ‘greenhouse ‘ conditions 50 Ma ago to the planetary ‘icehouse ‘ of today.
This illustration shows how plate tectonics, Continental impetus and the gap and shutting of sea lanes can hold a profound influence on both local and planetary clime. Throughout the Phanerozoic there were long periods when the Earth was much warmer than today – frequently called a ‘greenhouse ‘ clime – and other times when it was cold – called an ‘icehouse ‘ clime. These rhythms, like the Wilson rhythm, occur over periods of 100 Ma, reflecting the timescale of home base motions and the growing and devastation of oceans. Given the clear nexus between ocean circulation and clime, and the similar timescales of planetary clime alteration and home base gestures, it is ineluctable that one of the head controls on long-run alterations in the planetary clime must be plate tectonics.
Every two to seven old ages a climatic perturbation brings inundations to California, drouths to Australia, and dearth to Africa. Known as El Nino, it is basically a heating of surface Waterss in the eastern Pacific near the equator. Although scientists understand the mechanics of El Nino, its beginnings have yet to be determined. Most believe that the interaction between the ambiance and the sea someway generates this climatic perturbation that wreaks havoc upon those parts of the universe that lie in its way.
But now a new theory on the beginnings of El Nino has been proposed and, surprisingly, it has really small to make with the ambiance or the sea. The new theory suggests that the primary mover behind El Nino is hot magma welling up between tectonic home bases on the Pacific sea-floor. The upwelling magma heats the overlying Waterss plenty to impact the ocean surface, originating the cascade of events that brings on the wrath of El Nino.
Volcanic Ash
Volcanic eruptions, like that pictured above, throw dozenss of ash into the ambiance, and have short term affects of the clime. If the eruption is powerful plenty, the ash will halt some of the shortwave radiation coming in from the Sun. This, in bend, will take to a lessening in the planetary temperature. The ground for this is that the shortwave radiation that comes in from the Sun and reaches the Earth ‘s surface, gets absorbed in the the Earth. About 4 to 6 hours subsequently, the Earth reradiates that energy in the signifier of longwave radiation. This is where the temperature comes from. So if some of the sunshine is shut off, so this will take to a lessening the planetary temperature. With the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 ( image above ) , approximately 22 million dozenss of ash was thrown into the ambiance. This was adequate to barricade a fraction of the sunshine from making the Earth ‘s surface, which cooled the planetary temperature on Earth by every bit much as 0.5 grades C. The most powerful eruption in recorded history, the eruption of the Tambora Volcano in Indonesia in April of 1815, threw up so much ash that the planetary temperature on Earth fell by every bit much as 3 grades C. Europe and North America know this clip as “ the twelvemonth without a summer. ” The volcanic ash does non maintain the temperatures down for a really long period of clip geologically talking, so its impacts are on a short term footing.
Rain-Shadow Consequence
The long term impacts of vents come from a expression at simple geographics. Vents are mammoth mountains, so their affect on clime is the same as a normal mountain. This leads to the rain-shadow consequence ( explained in theA Continental MovementA subdivision ) , which comes into drama with vents merely as it does with mountain edifice. Until that vent can be eroded off, it will go on to hold some kind of impact on clime. This can last for 1000s of old ages.
Vents have rather a spot of affect on clime. And this affect can be instead short term ( volcanic ash ) or long term ( rain-shadow consequence ) in nature. Again biological science can be affected by this excessively. For illustration, a desert country may rapidly develop on the leeward side of a new vent. If life is non able to set, extinction will go a important menace.
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